The Influence of Educational Philosophy on a Proposed Early Learning Environment Annlatish Jones

While developing a classroom with the parameters of utilizing the knowledge of educational philosophers it has been found that in order to do so effectively, it is best accomplished using an emergent curriculum and consideration for the individual child. Determining the best approach for implementing the proposed curriculum is guided by the Montessori, Gardner and Vygotsky theories focusing mainly on the ideas of scaffolding, open ended play and multiple intelligences. When introducing the PA Early Learning Standards to the proposed plan, it is found that a variety of presentations of information can be given to children of different learning styles all while getting the same main idea across. Loris Malaguzzi, the creator and force behind the work that is proof positive of the benefits of early childhood education has said a great thing about how children learn, â€Å"Creativity seems to emerge from multiple experiences, coupled with a well-supported development of personal resources, including a sense of freedom to venture beyond the known. This is the heart of the educational philosophy with which my classroom for preschoolers is designed and which guides the tenants of approach for environment, curriculum and practice. Children learn through their experiences and we as their caregivers, build upon their knowledge to develop not just the whole group, but the whole child. In addition to the founding and current principles that run the early child hood environments found in Reggio Emilia, Italy, the ideas of Vygotsky, Gardner and Montessori will and do have influence over the environment that the children learn and explore in.. A founding tenant of their success in Reggio Emilia, is the employment of their emergent curriculum, otherwise what is known as a project oriented approach to the children's experiences (Malaguzzi, 2013). In other words, the children’s interests guide their planned experiences, with their free exploration being the most opportune time to observe, record, and quietly reflect on their blooming interests. This is the scaffolding that Vygotsky so wisely explored and classrooms worldwide employ the technique of assessing prior knowledge and then building upon what they have learned with planned experiences. By taking what is seen from these times, the teachers can come together to plan and negotiate experiences so there will be a better sense of what the children need to learn from what they want to know. Also popular to our counterparts in Italy, are the Montessori methods which focus greatly on hands on learning. The classroom that I envision is all hands on, with experiences geared towards the senses that in turn ensure a logical sense of order and reason to what the child takes in and gets out of their time in the environment. Much like the ideas behind the emergent curriculum, it is understood that Dr. Montessori envisioned a child that showed us what they wanted to learn and it was the adults who geared their plans towards their interests. The idea that, â€Å"Children's emotional, social, and academic development improve when they are empowered through choice† (Shaw, 2012) gives rise to the notion that by allowing children the free choice to explore as frequently as possible we give them the power to enjoy their learning, and it is well understood that when anyone, not just children, enjoy their experiences they take more from them. To allow children to take something from their environment requires that the environment itself gives them a reason to enjoy it. Essentially by creating a requirement that the environments development caters to not just their interests but the means of learning that the children exhibit, we give the youngest learners the option of how to learn new things best. The idea of multiple intelligences brought about by Gardner, which is also found throughout the environments and planning in Reggio Emilia, is essential to catering to the whole child. The theories proposed by Gardner are, of the various educational theorists, the least tested yet are still found in practical and standing use in early childhood settings around the globe (Smith, 2008). The overwhelming evidence of children who successfully approach, understand and build upon a variety of subjects when the setting takes into account that particular child's strengths grants his theories a reprieve from the traditional clinical trials that often accompany the proven success or failure of a theory (Smith, 2008). Taking into consideration the theorists and philosophy of the previously discussed methods, the classroom would follow traditional center format with meeting times and typical transitions. Presentation of information that builds upon the groups prior knowledge would and should take the form of a variety of experiences, such as finger plays during meeting times, songs during transitions, hands on materials for math, science, and language center, and introduction to practical experiences for dramatic, creative and block play that encourage their exploration of the theme or ideas that are of current interest. Understanding that the project based approach is embedded within the ideas of the emergent curriculum, it is understood that many times some projects will range in time taken from hours to several weeks, if not longer. This being kept in mind, no particular set theme for a lesson plan should be set in stone, but rather a general topic of guidance that reflects their interest’s will be all that is necessary. Presenting open ended materials that are a tenant of the Montessori philosophy will be the rule rather than the exception, and this will encompass all areas of learning. Presenting traditional materials such a tactile letters, counters, pattern boards, magnatiles, as well as others, would be used in conjunction with specific ideas that are presented by the teachers. Instead of just tracing out the letters with our fingers, a teacher could present the picture of a frog much like one found outside and practice tracing the letters in sequence of the word frog. Reviewing ideas found within the PA Early Learning standards would require and exploration in many areas of academics that we break down in to simpler parts. The simple aforementioned frog activity could easily relate to several language standards, but also keeps in mind that different children learn in different ways. Instead of just allowing a child to copy from a written word, we take into consideration that some children may respond better by touch and by trying to use the tactile letters, we give a certain type of child a better understanding than the otherwise may have experienced. The ideas behind this process would be followed throughout the entire learning environment in that free play would be frequent, if not dominant to the schedule. Allowing this type of learning gives the children the ability to explore at their own pace. In a side note, free play does not indicate a lack of observation, this free play is imperative to our understanding of what to introduce as their interests expand. Introduction of new ideas is not dependent upon formal meetings, but can include material rotation, field trips, parent involvement, or any number of explorative processes. This type of play keeps in line with our emergent curriculum, in that if you present it, it will either take or it won't. If children show an interest in a direction or step that would be logical or following their current interests, the plan is then followed. If they show no interest, understanding or become easily frustrated or distracted with a new toy, idea, or concept, it is clear indication to the educators that their group or individual child is not ready for this step or direction. Allowing this type of freedom rather than presenting ideas that were not created from the children’s explorative interests themselves; we are getting a better insight into what makes up the child not just in a group, but as an individual. The idea of individuality is also key to the type of curriculum that would be essential to the preschool learning environment being created. The observations and teachable moments found during ordinary play verses a formal assessment of the child's interests, will give a real insight into how the children learn. Knowing how a child learns best is the basic principle to Gardner’s multiple intelligences. As mentioned earlier that new ideas and concepts would not be introduced in a consistently formal way, opportunities for understanding not only a child’s interests, but understanding why or why not that child took to a subject is imperative for individualized planning. When a child shows frustrations with a tactile learning experience such as the language learning mentioned earlier, but the child is a noticeably busy and excited child outside or in a gym, perhaps ncouraging the child to recognize those letters in sequence on wastepaper bins and encouraging throwing a ball in sequence into those bins may be a better learning experience. This will help the educators conclude not a failure of the particular initial experience, just a better way to build upon their current interests in areas more suited to their learning styles. Determining how to focus in on their learning styles wo uld be related to the Pa Early Learning Standards which govern the necessity, and importance of learning for all planned experiences for any three to five year old child in a licensed day care in the state of Pennsylvania. The standards govern a variety of learning concepts in the area of art, math, language, science, and require a specific set of information to be passed along in some form or another to the younger learners. In the area of fine arts there is a strong focus not just on creation, but on reception, performance and personal response. Essentially there is so much more to art than just paints, clay and crayons. The importance of dramatic play and musical expression in many varieties should and will be expressed not just with toys or background music. I would love to see culturally diverse instruments, cd players and tape recorders for exploration of their own creations, in addition to dramatic play props related to their interests, and a free and open art center with a variety of tactile and fine motor experiences in a creative station. The walls would be adorned with not just their art work, but professional and classical pieces that are frequently changed to accommodate their changing interests. In opposition to the freedom of creation, math concepts are very finite and concrete and the understanding of these concepts being primarily one to one correspondence and simple number recognition are essential for school success. Beyond this, the state standards want to see that children are grasping basic algebraic concepts, statistical analyses appropriate for the ages served, reasoning, connections, communication, and problem solving,. What is great about this is that communication is not only encouraged in the standards but expected, so a simple math worksheet will not work. Counters, pattern boards, relating math concepts to everyday situations, and inspiring discussion amongst smaller groups and individuals is imperative to our basic plan of working with an emergent curriculum. If we can light the spark of understanding, they can carry the torch to where they would like to learn next. More importantly, it's not just about having a math center; it is about providing those opportunities physical and verbally in all aspects of play. Language is not just a means of communication, but a way to express feelings and thoughts. For the younger preschool, the concept of being to express your needs in a means other than crying is new and there are so many possibilities. Environmental print is essential, and important in order to achieve the goals set forth in the PA Early Learning Standards. Comprehension, pre reading skills, writing quality are all parts of the standards that must be addressed, but with various options for every child and style of learning that can and should be presented. Labels for not just materials but for everyday objects, a variety of printed materials such as books, letters of all forms, plenty of paper types for writing and inspiring mediums such as sentence strips, letter stickers, envelopes, designed paper, and cards with words and their names preprinted on them, to allow interest and ownership of their work. Taking an interest in not just their classroom, but the outside learning environment is critical to the PA Early Learning Standards. The science concepts that we cover will focus a lot on the environment outside our window and the means with which we can bring it back into the classroom. Leaf samples, rock types, living and not living samples, and sorting materials, as well as tools such as magnifying glasses, binoculars, tracing paper, pencils and crayons; all of these materials and more lead to open ended thinking and understanding the design and structure of the natural world around them. Letting the children lead and then in turn letting the educators build upon their experiences to enhance their knowledge base is key to them moving on and understanding something on their own that is just a step above that we can build upon again. Building this knowledge base is essential to the curriculum and program that would be utilized in my preschool classroom. Catering to the individual hildren as well as the group will be in the plan presented and would cover the collective interests in the plan for their developmental stimulation. A base idea which is presented in a lesson can be broken down into a variety of sub plans for individualized learning. For instance, a math lesson could involve counting out butterfly wings. By introducing the pairs as individual parts, we are encouraging one to one correspondence, which is covered under standard Mathematical Thinking and Technology standard 2. 1. 1. Under that particular standard there are indicators related to rote counting, voca bulary and correspondence up to twenty, which gives quite a bit of flexibility to attend to a counting wings task and allows variation dependent upon the learner and the ability. For instance a child who is more interpersonal, dress up butterfly wings purchased from a discount store and counting amongst friends, logical learners may benefit from butterfly wing counters, and there is also the option for the bodily kinesthetic learner to have butterfly finger puppets. For a child who has mastered the skills of counting, perhaps expanding to the notion that we can count in multiples, which would bring in a concept of patterns and allow the idea of two wings to one butterfly to assist in this plan. Moving beyond just the counting, children who are more creative can color and cut out their own butterflies and then number them to be used as counters for the whole group. By providing multiple strategies under the same standard, you are addressing the needs and abilities of many within the group. In the case that you want to introduce the life cycle of a butterfly, found under the Scientific Thinking and Technology standard 3. 1b. 2, you can present pictures of the life cycle at the creation center and allow them to use whatever materials they see fit to model the life cycle. Providing the opportunity for children to utilize different props and recreate the life cycle in the dramatic play center is another option for the interpersonal learner. For those who are more linguistic, perhaps letting them dictate the ideas of how the life cycle occurs while they look at pictures, or if they are advanced in their writing skills assist them in sounding out the words they want to use and let them write it relatively independently. These are all ideas that can be expanded upon into other standards, centers of interest, and permitted across the age ranges served in the classroom. Through a variety of learning experiences, we provide our youngest learners with a chance to experience at their own pace and level. By educators and experience providers choosing to let them explore on their own terms, we are giving them a grander opportunity to learn more effectively and utilizing the theories of those that inspired the ideas in Reggio Emilia and with the emergent curriculum approach, we are doing so with purpose. When we allow children to explore at their own pace, we are really letting them show us what they want to know, and in turn we introduce what they need to know which is what allows us to truly develop the whole child. References Malaguzzi, L. (2013, March 22). The Reggio Emilia Approach. Retrieved from Campus Kindergarten: http://www.uq.edu.au/campuskindy/Reggio_Emilia_for_parents.pdf Shaw, L. F. (2012, January 27). Montessori: The Missing Voice in the Education Reform Debate . Retrieved from Huffington Post: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/laura-flores-shaw/montessori-education-debate_b_1237451.html Smith, M. K. (2008). Howard Gardner and Multiple Inteliigences. Retrieved from The Encyclopedia of Informal Education: http://www.infed.org/thinkers/gardner.htm

How an HR Practitioner should ensure the services they provide are timely and effective

With reference to the HR Practitioners role within my company i will show how we meet the customers needs in a timely and effective manner. Prensently i work for Leicestershire Police and my role as a HR Clerk mainly entails the recruitment side of things. Which also entails job fairs, seminars and marketing fairs. Additionaly to this i will do general admin duties where will answer or update employees queries, deal with the sickness line and fit notes and maintain employee records.At present we are recruiting between 200 – 250 people who are at several different stages of the process. Understanding customer needs (include examples of 3 different customers and 1 need for each, and explain how would you priotise conflicting needs) We entertain a wide variety of customers within our HR department, the 3 key users that we deal with are the external and internal candidates, employees and management. Internal and External candidatesEach recruitment selection can require different p rocesses  · to keep them updated with the whole process from start to end, i.e successfull at short listing, interview/asssement dates, have been successfull/unsuccessfull at interview, vetting medical and employment reference checks.  · provide them induction days and training if required for thyat specific role.  · For some areas of our vacancies we have a pool of candiates that would go into cohorts. How we priotise who would go in each one would be whos passed their assessments/interviews, fitness tests, how quickly other departments we work alongside would complete their side of things.Employees · Main needs would to keep thier records upto date with sickness, awards, training, change in circumstances, performance developement reviews.Management  · To keep line managers informed of new starters, what their scheldues would be, induction lists to provide the new starter and to make sure they settle into their new efficiently and to inform them if they need any additiona l help. make sure that the new candidate completes the manditoryDisplay Screen Equipment Survey (DSE) so that the they are working in a comfortable environment.  · Update managers with any sicknessesWith these main 3 customers the HR Service Centre can show that they provide a broad range of services that meet to the customers standards. We update the relavent people with the correct information but would uphold the confidentiality around sensative or personal records. Effective communication (includes examples of 3 different communication methods and the advantages and disadvantages of each) Within in the HR service centre we use several different methods of communication, the ones we find most effective in our line of work are by telephone, writing or emailing.Telephone Communication · The quickest way to contact someone is by phone, this way we are able to talk through various process and get quick confirmation from people. you would also get a sense of what the person is lik e.  · The disadvantage of using the phone is that you have no recording of what has been said or agreed to, and the full meaning/point might not get across to them.Email Communication · The benefit of emails is that it is the quickest way to keep people informed about various things and get answers back almost immediatley, tranfer details to various people at the same time. If they are internal employee/ candidates we can keep the emails restricted so they cannot be accessed from outside forces. We would also be able to keep an audit trail of what has been said or agreed to.  · Disadvantage would be that if the email is unrestricted others would be able to access it, would go to the wrong person and would not be classed as official confirmation.Written Communication · Would go directly to relavent person. More offical when sending out contracts, update letters references. Would be able to keep a copy of the letter we send out with the persons file.  · On the other hand let ters can easily be lost in the post, employees and candidtaes can claim to have not recieved it. Written communication can also take longer between replys. Effective service delivery (include: delivering service on time, delivering service on budject, dealing with difficult customers, handling and resolving complaints)All services that we provide needs to be processed in a timely manner. In the recruitng side we have a time frame of 8-12 weeks to recruitment candidates, we do have some longer to time frames for people who are in the pools. With more everyday queries we recieve generally take 24 hours to at least action if answer any questions.

Art Renaissance Essay

How is Corbet’s Burial at Ornans an assault on bourgeois values? -He painted a scene that would normally be reserved for something religious and was highly controversial during the time. He took a step that went against the bourgeois values by not caring about the class definitions that were socially acceptable. He painted something that he â€Å"shouldn’t† have, but it brought him instant fame. 2. How do Japanese prints influence the works of Degas? – Degas was influenced by Japanese prints in composition and line. He did not paint women in kimonos in his art. Rather than painting Japanese subjects like his fellow artists he took on Japanese techniques and qualities. 3. What are the impressionists concerned with depicting? Include an example to support this. – Impressionists are concerned with capturing a sense of immediacy in their artwork. Their works are assymetrically balanced. The subject matter is often casual and more everyday life pictures and scenes. William Chadwick shows the play of light and shade on the Griswold side porch â€Å"On the Piazza†. The impressionists unlike other types of artists do not mix their paint colors. They generally use the pure colors to capture their work. Their use of color is also seen in how they depict shadows. Unlike previous artists who used neutral or darker shades like black to paint a shadow, Impressionists used color to show shadows. 4. Who are the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood? – The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was a reform movement founded in 1849 by several men to revitalize the arts. They wanted to bring back more classical poses as opposed to the art of their time that was by the Mannerists. They believed Raphael was a corruption to art and the way it was taught. Thus their name of â€Å"Pre-Raphaelite†. 5. What are the aspects used by Cezanne to create Mont Sainte-Victoire? How is this work similar to Impressionism? -He used bright colors and broken brushwork in his painting, not using much definition either. His painting was of modern every day objects, which greatly affects impressionism. It is a little different though than impressionism. Instead of capturing one specific piece of nature and movement, he tries to encompass it as a whole. It is very impressionistic while at the same time different. 6. How does the Tassel House Stairwell show the Art Nouveau organic style? – Art Nouveau is often free flowing and organic. The decoration and architecture takes a new look at classic historical styles. The stairwell is softer in appearance and curves more free flowing than classical straight stairwells. Some say it seems to float as it ascends through the middle of the house. The Tassel House was the first architectural structure done in the Art Nouveau style. 7. What is the pictorialist aesthetic? A group of photographers in the late 19th century and early 20th century who wanted to make their works different from other less experienced photographers. They would manipulate the picture they took and therefore created an image rather than just capturing a moment. They made their photographs their own and gave rise to more aesthetic photos. They wanted photography to be more than just taking pictures of subjects they wanted to show it was a real form of art. Sometimes they would scratch negatives or brush them with a soft brush to blur part of the photo making it more interesting.

Retention and Satisfaction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Retention and Satisfaction - Research Paper Example Fleming and Stanway (2014) in their study to find out how the collaborative approach between facilitators and learning advisors towards ensuring student engagement found out that first-year students can benefit from the process. This collaboration is imperative especially considering that it allows students to ensure that they actively engaged in their learning; making it a priority within universities to help first years in their performance. Encouraging students to ensure that they are engaged in their learning is a process which helps them remain persistent in their education and helps in an increase in retention rates. Furthermore, the study implies that with better performance within the class environment, it becomes possible for students to achieve satisfaction. The study made by Fleming and Stanway (2014) can be contrasted to a past study by Pidcock (2001) who states that there is a difference between the retention rates of Hispanic and Anglo-American first-year college studen ts. This is because among Hispanic students, there is often very little reliance on external support to ensure their retention level and instead, they tend to be self-motivated in their learning process. The same is not the case among Anglo-American students who have a need for constant support from not only their families but also the institution to make sure that they do not drop out. This study is important because it allows for a greater perspective concerning retention rates within the different ethnicities in the United States.

Interpersonal Communication and Competency Indicators Assignment - 2

Interpersonal Communication and Competency Indicators - Assignment Example Although it was not expressed directly but going to places like this made other people see them as noblemen. Spiritual – The manner in which the brothers treated the abandoned children in the children’s homemade them able to express their values, which in this case is their love and affection to other people are going through a lot of pains in life, just as they were when they were young. Adaptability – Living on the street with the community of homeless people especially in the winter illustrates how easily they could adapt to different environments, as well as the other experiences they had in other places. Ethics – Respecting each other’s differences and forgiving them for the things that they did that hurt others, especially ourselves. In this case, when Jeff had forgiven his father indicates his communication competency. The people who live on the street have experienced a stigma because other people look at them in a different way. In fact, according to one of them, people do not see them as a human being. The woman on the street who have experienced this stigma told about people who may even help the dogs on the street find a home for the winter, but ignore them who just have the same need. The young African-American who also lived on the street experience such stigma as people thinks he would never be able to live out of the streets. However, he believes otherwise. AIDS victim is also among those who had experienced the same stigma for people treat them differently, worse feels neglected by the  society.  

Introduction to Organisations and Management Essay - 5

Introduction to Organisations and Management - Essay Example The organization structure and design is essential in an organization as it enables managers to allocate duties and ensure proper utilization of resources. Activities in the organization can be allocated according to function, output, customers, territory, process or cross-functional teams (CliffsNotes, 2011). In a dynamic environment, an organic organization design is preferred as it allows for adjustments as opposed to a mechanistic design which is rigid and ill-equipped to respond to rapid environmental changes. Recent literature has emphasized the use of teamwork in organizations so as to remain competitive and cope with rapid changes. Modern organizations are encountered with new management trends such as; crisis management, use of outside directors, increased use of information technology and need for global management skills (Gitman & McDaniel, 2008). Watson engine components represent traditional organizations which were family owned and bureaucratic in nature. The organizati on thus faces frequent problems of staff turnover and absenteeism due to boredom, lack of morale, non involvement in decision making and lack of a chance for career development. The jobs are highly specialized and employees are not allowed to move from their work stations. Team work is not encouraged and poor communication between staff and the management and between various departments makes it hard for the company to accomplish its goals. H & M consulting on the other hand represents modern organizations which have taken advantage of globalization to establish branches all over the world hence complexity in organization and management. It has also taken advantage of teamwork to ensure success. A learning culture is encouraged to ensure team members personal development as well as organizational development. The organization through its mission and values has established an organization culture where customers and employees are given priority for organization success. Contrary to c ommon belief that large organizations tend to have a bureaucratic organization design, H & M consulting has an organic design that enables it to cope with the rapid environment in which it operates. The differences between the two organizations in terms of how they are operated and managed will be discussed in detail in the report. Organization Structure and Design The organization structure shows the organization is configured and relationship between positions and departments while organization design is concerned with changes to the organization structure (Hill & Jones, 2008). Organization structure reflects the degree of complexity, formalization and centralization. Organization design is determined by the size of organization, lifecycle, environment and technology. Smaller firms tend to have organic structure but as the firm grows, it establishes formal structures and more rules and regulations hence become mechanistic. Due to rapid environmental changes, organizations apply bo th organic and mechanistic structures so as to be flexible enough to adjust to the changes (Gitman & McDaniel, 2008). Watson is a small company and has no room for growth due to unavailability of capital but applies mechanistic structure while H & M consulting is a multinational corporation formed through mergers and acquisitions hence operates in a rapid environment thus uses organic structure. Mechanistic structu

Present and evaluate J.C. Maxwells version of the Golden Rule as Essay

Present and evaluate J.C. Maxwells version of the Golden Rule as discussed in class and in your reading. (Again, this means discussing the argument) - Essay Example What you do is important; but how you do, what you do is more important. Meaning, the process of living is supreme than achieving success in life. In business, seeking wealth is perfect. What is inappropriate is the intentional manipulation of business practices to deceive others. Desires are not bad; but motivated desires and causing intentional pain to others to secure monetary gains is undesirable. Great business projects are fine, but the prerequisite about such projects is creating noble individuals to implement them. When ethics is the foundation stone of an individual viewed from perception of life as a whole, nothing can go wrong for such an individual. He can be a businessman, politician, bureaucrat, farmer etc. The fundamental rules of ethics will not change, only their application in a particular situation may vary. Scandals originate in the heart. An individual must have a cause to be ethical, the heart to be ethical, and pursue the ethical principles with grit, stamina and heroism, and finally receive the rewards or any other types of accruing results with a balanced mental attitude. Even if the results are not favorable in a given situation, one will have the inner satisfaction of following the Golden Rule of ethics. One has to be truthful at all times and at all costs and avoid ‘pressure, pleasure, power, pride and skewed priorities’, to uphold the Golden Rule. In that ideal situation, societal environment will be

Portfolio 6 - Lesson Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Portfolio 6 - Lesson Plan - Essay Example Books and computers will be utilized in order to help the student gain an idea of the type of Khattai he or she would like to make. Students will then trace books or print copies of Khattai with carbon paper. Traced image will then be put on to cardboard. This will be done by putting the carbon paper on the over-head projector. This allows the image to project so students may produce larger productions. Task 2: Students will go over traced image on cardboard with marker. Students will need to be able to touch up all missed spots. Traced image will then be checked and then cut out from the card-board. The cut out will have aluminium foil placed over it. Tape will then be placed over cut out and allowed to dry. Clean up and/or pack up: Students will clean up materials. As this lesson is done in three stages, students will put their materials in their box assigned per table. Boxes will then be stored in the area designated for their class. 2. It will help to think of the Lesson Plan as the script for a face-to-face encounter with your class. Therefore each time you list an action or directive you need to be clear why you are doing this and specify how it will be achieved. This may lead to further lesson

Young Turks Takeover of the Ottoman Empire 1913 Term Paper

Young Turks Takeover of the Ottoman Empire 1913 - Term Paper Example It is a well-known fact that empires were one of the core elements for the modernization of nations and states. In relation, one of the empires that are considered as essential parts of today’s government is the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire is considered as one of the greatest, long-term, and vast empire in history. The empire depicted stability and strength as it continued to widen its occupation. Moreover, the emergence of the Committee for Union and Progress, or most commonly known by many historians as Young Turks, played a significant role in the last years of the empire. In line with this, this paper will dwell on the takeover of the Young Turks of the Ottoman Empire in 1913. The Ottoman Empire was established during the late thirteenth century and lasted even after the First World War. The territories of the empire were vast, which included most of the eastern Roman Empire, a few parts of the north Balkans, and north coast of the Black Sea. Moreover, the Ottoman T urks were composed of different groups of people who shared the Turkic language. These people were scattered throughout the west area of Central Asia from the ninth to the eleventh century.1 The other states associated with the Ottoman Empire, which include Europe, are tied beyond commercial activities and military crusade. The empire used religion and complimented the laws, tax, and political structure to Islamic ideologies and law. It is safe to say that the empire mostly banked on the central-Asians tradition, along with incorporating Persian and Arab legacies. These different legacies allowed the Ottoman Empire to stand strong for half of a millennium. The convergence of laws and religion in the empire was seen as a resurrection of the Byzantine Empire, though it was perceived as deformed.2 In retrospect, the Ottoman state was considered as one of the small states in Turkey. These states came into being during the fall of the Seljuk Turks. The small Ottoman state then started to create a link with other states, which brought all other dynasties to merge into one during the reign of Muhammad II. Furthermore, most of the parts of the Ottoman Empire were successors of the Byzantine Empire, which became a crucial part for the success of the empire. The Ottomans advantageous hold with the Bosporus and the Dardanelles became their buffer between the Latins in the West and Muslims in the Middle East. Nonetheless, the Byzantine was already weakened by the Fourth Crusade and the Western invasion.3 During the expansion of the Ottoman Empire, the leaders were Osman I, followed by Orkhan, next was Murad I, and Beyazid I. During the expansion, Bursa fell into the hands of the Ottoman Empire along with the Adrianople, which both became a capital of the empire. Furthermore, the triumph over the Nikopol and the Kosovo Field by the empire stirred danger on the part of Europe.4 On the other hand, before the start of the World War I, the Ottoman Empire was already facing con flicts within its governance. One of the most prominent conflicts was the emergence of the Committee for Union and Progress, or group who is best known as the Young Turks. Furthermore, along with the emergence of the Young Turks is the development of nationalism in the countries and states of the empire.5 During the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the Ottoman Empire, he was considered as hard ruler. For this reason, the dispute between the Turks and the Armenian ignited. In 1877, Russia fought the Ottoman Empire in order to take hold of the Balkan Peninsula to be able to access the Mediterranean Sea for trade and transport. However, in the course of transaction, the Treaty of San Stefano, which allowed the Russian to gain access to a few parts of the Balkan Pen

The influence of Globalization on Kazakh language in Kazakhstan Essay

The influence of Globalization on Kazakh language in Kazakhstan - Essay Example With Kazakhstan language being viewed as a link among the population in the entire state, it is evident that, in the process of nationalizing Kazakh language, some elements of other languages penetrate into Kazakh thus influencing it in some ways (Fierman 2006). Since the late 1920s, the soviet policy has affected Kazakh language in several ways. The soviet policy dictated that Kazakh language and other Turkic languages of the USSR should move away from Arabic script to Latin letters (Anheier and Yudhishthir 2007). This can be argued to be among the first, fundamental breaks that affected the Kazakh language. The other major change that happened is the shift to adjust versions of the Russian Cyrillic alphabet. In this regard, it is true to argue that these changes fostered a commonality between Turkic speakers in the USSR and French, English, and German. Since the end of the nineteenth century, Kazakhstan has drastically changed especially due to migration effects of Russians to the Kazakh steppe (Fierman 2006). Another major issue of concern was collectivization of agriculture. In the period between 1929 and 1936, famine reduced Kazakhstan households almost by a half. As a result, quite a number of people migrated out of Kazakhstan to china. Additionally, many non Kazakh were brought into the republic, and this changed Kazakhs culture (Fierman 2006). Therefore, due to these changes and other global factors such as business across borders and mass media, it can be argued that globalization has played a major role in transforming cultures across the globe. In 1989, 97% in urban centers were Kazakhs speakers. However, about 40% of these people did not speak Kazakhs language fluently. According to Anheier and Yudhishthir 2007, this was as a result of Russian influence in the urban centers. During this period, many young generations of Kazakhs did not