Teetotaller - Definition and Origin

Definition: A teetotaller is someone who totally abstains from liquor. In the 19th century, the Preston Temperance Society in England and, later, the American Temperance Union encouraged a pledge of abstinence from intoxicating liquor, as part of the temperance movement. Those who had signed the pledge were asked to use a T with their signature to mean total abstinence. The T plus the total led to those whod signed the pledge being called T-totallers or teetotallers. The term was in use as early as 1836 when an explanation of it as meaning total abstainer appeared in print. From there, the term came to be used more generally, for anyone who voluntarily committed to abstinence, or simply for a nondrinker. The Pledge The pledge of temperance from the Preston Temperance Society (in Preston, England) read: We agree to abstain from all liquors of an intoxicating quality whether ale, porter, wine or ardent spirits, except as medicine. Also Known As: Abstainer, dry, nondrinker, prohibitionist Other words for teetotalism:  Abstinence, temperance,  abstemiousness, on the wagon, dry, sober. Alternate Spellings: t-totaller, teetotaler Examples: First Lady Lucy Hayes, wife of President Rutherford B. Hayes, was known as Lemonade Lucy because, as a teetotaller, she did not serve liquor in the White House. Henry Ford required a teetotaller pledge for those he hired in his new auto production industry, to promote better productivity and workplace safety. Learn more about how teetotallism fit into the more general movement to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages: Temperance Movement and Prohibition Timeline Image: the image included is an example of the Victorian era pledge, complete with very Victorian floral embellishment. Religious groups that require or encourage abstinence from the use of alcoholic beverages: Assembly of God,  Bahai, Christian Science,  Islam, Jainism, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS. also known as the Mormon Church), Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Church of Christ, Sikhism, Salvation Army.   Also, some Hindu and Buddhist sects, and some Mennonite and Pentecostal groups. Methodists in English and American history often taught abstinence but rarely do that currently. In the Victorian era, many in both the Evangelical and Unitarian movements taught at least restraint, if not temperance and teetotalling. Most of those religions that prohibit alcohol do so on the grounds that it is harmful, that it inhibits mindfulness, or can easily lead to unethical behavior. Some famous women teetotallers: In history, women becoming teetotallers was often an expression of religious values, or was based on general social reform principles.   In the modern world, some women become teetotallers for such reasons, and others because of a past history of alcoholism or alcohol abuse. Tyra Banks: a model and actress.Susan Boyle: singer.Pearl S. Buck: writer, won Nobel Prize for Literature, 1938.Faye Dunaway: actress.Janeane Garofalo: actress.Kathy Griffin: comedian.Elisabeth Hasselbeck: television personality.Jennifer Hudson: singer.Carrie Nation: temperance activist.Kelly Osbourne: actress.Marie Osmond: singer.Natalie Portman: actress.Anna Quindlen: writer.Christina Ricci: actress.Anne Rice: writer.Linda Rondstadt: singer.Sarah Silverman: comedian, actress and writer.Jada Pinkett Smith: actress.Lucy Stone: womens rights activist.Mae West: actress.  Frances Willard: temperance reformer.

If The Political Party Development Act Of The Philippines

If the Political Party Development Act of the Philippines is adopted into a law, it could follow the footstep of the British Political Parties, Elections, and Referendums Act of 2001 that established rules on party financing to restore public confidence in the parties. Much as the proposed political party development bill in the Philippines, the British version has the goal of ensuring reasonable party financing operations, limiting donations from inappropriate sources, and contributing to equality of opportunity for the various parties to participate in the election. This new Act took 5 years in its making starting from the creation of the Committee on Standards in Public Life in 1997. Specifically, this Act prohibits British political†¦show more content†¦They also thought it was unnecessary to submit a regular nil return donation reports even when they rarely received a large amount of denotation. Large parties, on the other hand, complain about high demands placed on th em by the accounting and auditing requirements of the Act. From the perspective of donors, they questioned that the definition of donation may be too broad given that commercial transactions are at risked to be considered as political donations. Companies warned that this wide definition of donation may be deterring them from working with political parties. The United Kingdom actually has 240 registered political parties in Great Britain and Northern Ireland in December 2000. Of these 240 parties, a number of them are parties in name only. Sometimes they may comprise only of two people registered as party officers because they simply seek to gain publicity and promote their organization or brand without really having the intention to contest elections. The Philippines should learn from this experience and must impose more stringent requirements related to registration as a political party or its ideology and reasons for contesting elections. The UK experience actually shows how the country fails to strengthen and institutionalize its political party system because anyone can register as political parties, which means it encourages the emergence of weak and unorganized parties. However, theShow MoreRelatedThe Political Party Development Act1133 Words   |  5 Pagesthree proposed political reform agenda this paper discusses. The Politic al party development act deals with providing minimal standards for party operations. It also prohibits party switching while encouraging party loyalty and discipline. By amending the Party-list system act of 1995, the definition of party-list sort out. It is for proportional representation, as what the Constitution states. 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Nationalism is further oriented towards developing and maintaining a national identity based on shared characteristics such as culture, language, race, religion, political goals or a belief in a common ancestry. Nationalism therefore seeks to preserve the nations culture. It often also involves a sense of pride in the nations achievements, and is closely linked to the concept of patriotism. On the other hand, aRead MoreRamos Administration : The Philippines Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesAdministration, the Philippines experienced economic growth but also encountered many economic difficulties due to of the lack of foreign investors and coup attempts. In the 1992 elections, Defense Secretary Fidel Ramos, who was endorsed by Aquino, won the presidency with only 23.6 percent of the votes in a seven-way race. 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Principles of Economics Structural

Question: 1. Explain why real GDP might not be an unreliable indicator of the standards of living. 2. Why does unemployment arise and what makes some unemployment unavoidable? 3. Consider the following statement: When the average level of prices of goods and services rise, inflation rises' Do you agree or disagree? Explain. 4.What is the aggregate demand (AD) curve and why does it slope downwards? Explain. 5. What is the long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve and why is it vertical? Why does the short-run aggregate supply curve slope upwards? Answer: 1. Utilizing GDP to quantify the prosperity of people in a given economy presents different impediments which make the system questionable with regards to the measuring of the ways of life. One reason why real GDP can't be utilized to gauge the nation's well-being is the way that it doesn't consider the leisure time. Relaxation time is a vital item which contributes a ton to the economic prosperity and performance of a person. Accordingly, keeping different variables consistent, the more leisure time we have, the happier we are. Another reason why the strategy is unreliable in measuring standards of living is that gross domestic product does not figure fundamental components, for example, air, and water contamination. (Coyle, 2014, p.76-119). Two economies of two different countries may have similar GDP, yet one contains contaminated water and air while the other economy doesn't have any contamination. The way of life between these economies will be distinctive, yet this won't be indicated in the real GDP. Real gross domestic product concentrates on products which pass through the markets and ignores those goods which are usually produced for subsistence purposes only. Subsistence farming is among the main economic activities which take place in under-developed and developed countries. Failure to include subsistence farming in the country's GDP implies that the well-being of that particular nation is low. 2. Seasonal unemployment is a type of unemployment which arises as a result of the changes in demand which occurs regularly in a given periods of the year. (Janoski, Luke, Oliver, 2014, p. 105-123). Examples of industries where this type of unemployment is experienced include tourism and farming. Structural unemployment happens because of the long-term reduction in the demand in a particular industry prompting to less opportunity as demand for labor reduces. The latest supplanting of robots with human labor in different assembling enterprises, for example, the car industry is a case of structural unemployment. Aside from the replacement of robots with human work, structural unemployment may likewise be accordingly of global rivalry brought by globalization and changes in relative comparative advantage. Cyclical unemployment is brought on by the absence of demand for the available products. It emerges when the economy of a given nation is below the required capacity. A good example is a point at which an economy encounters the recess period whereby the total demand will reduce leading to a reduction in the level of yield and negative economic development. Due to lack of demand for goods and services, companies usually produce a limited quantity of output. Less output means that the organization will earn less income and may prompt the company to lay off some of the employees to reduce various fixed expenses. Continuous transformation of various industries from labor to capital intensive and changes in economic phases such as boom and recession make unemployment to be unavoidable. 3. I agree with the statements that rise in the average cost of products and services prompts to increment in inflation. Inflation is defined as the rise in prices of commodities and services which leads to decrease in the purchasing power of the currency. From the definition, we can safely say that there is a positive correlation between inflation and the prices of goods and services. When the rate of inflation is high, the commodity prices also become high. Too much money in the economy means that a lot of cash is in the hands of the people. Having a lot of money means that individuals will either choose to spend the money or save. But due to low-interest income which individuals will get as a result of saving, many people will decide to spend the extra amount of money also known as discretionary income. Discretionary or disposable income is defined as the remnant of the individuals' basic salary after other deductions such as PAYE have been subtracted. (Rogers, Jalal, Boyd, 2008, p. 300). Since many consumers will choose to spend the disposable income, there will be an increase in demand for goods and services. The increase in demand will force the sellers and suppliers to increase in prices of the commodities and services as a measure to counter the inflating demand. The average prices of goods and services will increase or reduce based on the increase or decrease in the rate of inflation respectively. Therefore, we can conclude that, when the overall prices of commodities increases, inflation also increases. 4. The aggregate demand curve is defined as the sum of overall demand for final products and services in a given economy at a particular period. When the curve slopes downward, it implies that as the prices of the goods and services decrease, the level of output on the other hand increases. It also means that when the level of prices reduces, the level of national income increases. There are three main reasons why the curve slopes downwards. The reasons are Mundell-Fleming's exchange rate effect, Pigou's Wealth effect, and Keynes's interest rate effect. According to Mundell-Fleming's exchange rate effect, when the prices of products reduce, the interest rates also reduce. Reduction in interest rates may force the investors to withdraw their domestic investment and concentrate in foreign investment since domestic investment provides low-interest income. (Sparknotes, 2016, par. 4). Apart from an increase in foreign investment, there will be depreciation in the exchange rate and increas e in the net exports which will translate to increase in aggregate demand. The second reason is Pigou's Wealth effect. The nominal value of the currency is fixed, but the real value of money depends on the level of prices. Reduction in the level of prices leads to increase in the level of consumer consumption. High level of consumption leads to increase in aggregate demand. The third reason is Keynes's interest rate effect which postulates that reduction in the price level leads to a reduction in the level of interest rates and increase in investment which in turn increases the aggregate demand. 5. The long-run aggregate supply curve is defined as a graphical representation of the long-run relationship between the price and the output. It is a period which is efficient for companies to arrange various factors of production to meet the expected economic profits or losses. The LRAS curve is vertical since, in the long run, the quantity of goods and services generated relies on the technology, natural resources, labor, and capital present in an economy and not the price. Salaries and prices are highly flexible, and this means that when there's a change in the level of prices as a result of inflation, wages and other factors of production respond accordingly. For example, if the prices of commodities are doubled or reduced by half and the wages adjusted consequently, there will be no change and the economy will remain at full-employment. Short-run aggregate supply curve slopes upward because the supply curve is drawn based on a fixed nominal variable such as wage rate. In the short-run period, wages are fixed, and therefore, any rise in the prices leads to high profits due to increasing in output level. (Gans, 2011, p. 858). References Coyle, D. 2014. GDP: A brief but affectionate history. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Pres. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkdb=nlabkAN=1063822 Gans, J. (2011). Principles of economics. South Melbourne, Vic: Cengage Learning. Janoski, T., Luke, D., Oliver, C. (2014). The causes of structural unemployment: Four factors that keep people from the jobs they deserve. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkdb=nlabkAN=808923. Rogers, P. P., Jalal, K. F., Boyd, J. A. 2008. An introduction to sustainable development. London: Earthscan. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=429931. Sparknotes 2016. Agrregate Demand. [Online]. Available from: https://www.sparknotes.com/economics/macro/aggregatedemand/section2.rhtml. [Accessed 7 January 2017].

Rights of the Accused

Due process is the application of laws in an equal and fair manner to every citizen, particularly those accused of crime. It is characterized by the thinking that, the rights of the accused need to be deliberately protected in whatever investigation of the criminal justice.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rights of the Accused specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Basically, the due process requires that the accused be served in accordance with the law without violating the basic principles of individual rights. Therefore, the accused ought to be given a notice and a chance to be heard as well as defend their rights before a court of law (Roach, 1999). The Due Process can be traced back to the Magna Carta doctrines in 1215. This doctrine consisted of the rights of a person to be protected against deprivation of their belongings or rights, unless it is by the rightful judgment of their matches or the law of the land. T he Due Process was then further advanced and elaborated in the English Common Law after which it came to be included in the United States’ earlier constitutions that antedated the present day United States constitution (Tribe, 1975). The laws of the United States are found on the basis that, the suspect is innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. In protecting the rights of the accused, a criminal investigation is carried out in a procedural code. The constitution’s bill of rights protects the rights of the accused. When a person is suspected of crime, they are accorded some rights known as the Miranda rights. If these rights are not adhered to throughout the investigation and trial processes, the suspect will be granted freedom on the basis of those trivialities and not because they are innocent (Hornberger, 2005). Moreover, the legal system of the United States is that of an Adversarial System which exercises the idea that the accused ought to be considered in nocent till proven guilty. According to this system, a judge and jury will seek to find out the truth by attentively hearing opponent attorneys who with vigor, advocate in place of their respective parties through Adversarial Procedure.Advertising Looking for essay on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Prior to the act of arrest, a lawful investigation may be carried out as the law prohibits unwarranted searches to homes and properties. This provision is catered for under the Fourth Amendment (Hornberger, 2005). In addition, once the suspect has been taken to custody, their rights are guaranteed under the Fifth Amendment of the constitution. This amendment provides fair ways of trying the accused especially the right to remain silent. It typically disallows the government to; compel an individual to incriminate themselves, deny an individual Due Process of law, subject an individual to multiple prosecutions or punishm ents for a single crime, and prosecute in federal court before a grand jury indication. Any violation of these rights might result in vacation or reversal of a conviction upon appeal (Tribe, 1975). Further, the right to an attorney is provided in the Sixth Amendment. The accused has the right to a speedy trial by an unprejudiced judge. If a defendant requests to consult their attorney, an interrogatory must immediately cease or any statements made subsequently in the absence of the attorney will be declared inadmissible. Finally, the Eighth Amendment prohibits capital punishment. It also advocates against excessive fines and bails imposed on the accused. Additionally, it disputes the death penalty (Roach, 1999). The rights of the accused are also protected in other sections of the constitution, for instance, article one, section nine of the constitution which expects a judge to assess whether there are adequate grounds for holding one in jail. Nevertheless, the all-inclusive protect ions are found in the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Eighth Amendments. References Hornberger, J. (2005, June 22). The Bill of Rights: The Rights of the Accused. Retrieved from Freedom Daily. Roach, K. (1999). Due Process and Victims’ Rights: The New Law and Politics of Criminal Justice. University of Toronto Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rights of the Accused specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tribe, L. (1975). Structural Due Process. HeinOnline , 269-276. This essay on Rights of the Accused was written and submitted by user Ashlyn Douglas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Rights of the Accused